{"dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2024-26960", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "state": "PUBLISHED", "assignerShortName": "Linux", "dateReserved": "2024-02-19T14:20:24.201Z", "datePublished": "2024-05-01T05:19:12.112Z", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:28:38.708Z"}, "containers": {"cna": {"providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:28:38.708Z"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()\n\nThere was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and\nteardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was\nrunning in another thread. This could cause, amongst other bad\npossibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by\nfree_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.\n\nThis is a theoretical problem and I haven't been able to provoke it from a\ntest case. But there has been agreement based on code review that this is\npossible (see link below).\n\nFix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall\nswapoff(). There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that\nthe swap entry was not free. This isn't present in get_swap_device()\nbecause it doesn't make sense in general due to the race between getting\nthe reference and swapoff. So I've added an equivalent check directly in\nfree_swap_and_cache().\n\nDetails of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand\nfor deriving this):\n\n--8<-----\n\n__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in\n\"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\".\n\nswapoff->try_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si->inuse_pages==0.\n\nSo the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn\nsi->inuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().\n\nImagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are\nstill references by swap entries.\n\nProcess 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.\nProcess 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.\n\nProcess 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]\n\nProcess 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n\nProcess 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls\n__try_to_reclaim_swap().\n\n__try_to_reclaim_swap()->folio_free_swap()->delete_from_swap_cache()->\nput_swap_folio()->free_swap_slot()->swapcache_free_entries()->\nswap_entry_free()->swap_range_free()->\n...\nWRITE_ONCE(si->inuse_pages, si->inuse_pages - nr_entries);\n\nWhat stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache\nbut before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?\n\n--8<-----"}], "metrics": [{"cvssV3_1": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "baseScore": 7, "baseSeverity": "HIGH"}, "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached only through local memory-management syscalls \u2014 `munmap`/`exit` (`zap_pte_range` \u2192 mm/memory.c:1636), `madvise(MADV_DONTNEED/MADV_FREE)` (mm/madvise.c:659), and tmpfs truncate/punch-hole (mm/shmem.c:842). No remote or adjacent-network consumer reaches `free_swap_and_cache()`.\nAC:H - The attacker controls only their half of the race; the other half is `swapoff()`, gated by `capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)` in the *initial* user namespace (mm/swapfile.c:2411, `capable()` not `ns_capable()`), so it cannot be induced from a user namespace and must be performed by an administrator or system script. Landing the hit additionally requires being preempted inside a sub-microsecond window between `__swap_entry_free()` and `swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()` while a second process reclaims the last swapcache reference \u2014 the author explicitly could not provoke it from a test case.\nPR:L - The attacker-controlled side needs nothing beyond an ordinary unprivileged local account: any process can spin `munmap`/`madvise`/tmpfs-punch loops over swapped-out anonymous pages to drive `free_swap_and_cache()` at high rate. No capability, namespace, or filesystem privilege is required for that half.\nUI:N - No victim is tricked into any action; the required `swapoff()` is routine system activity (systemd swap-unit deactivation, hibernate scripts, Android zram reconfiguration) that occurs without human participation, and that environmental dependency is already accounted for in AC:H rather than counted twice as UI:R.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel data structures within the kernel's own security authority \u2014 standard local kernel memory corruption / privilege escalation. No VM, hypervisor, or IOMMU boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Use-after-free reads of the vfree'd `swap_map`, the kvfree'd `cluster_info`, and a freed `struct address_space` (XArray walk in `filemap_get_folio()`) can disclose reallocated kernel memory. Additionally, `swapoff`+`swapon` reuses the `swap_info_struct` slot, so the stale `free_swap_and_cache()` corrupts the *new* device's counts and prematurely frees slots still referenced by other processes, handing a victim's swapped-out anonymous data to the attacker on swap-in.\nI:H - `lock_cluster()` performs `spin_lock(&ci->lock)` on the kvfree'd `cluster_info` \u2014 for typical swap sizes a kmalloc-slab object \u2014 giving a sprayable use-after-free *write* primitive, and `__try_to_reclaim_swap()` manipulates folio locks/refcounts derived from a freed `address_space`. Combined with silent swap-map count corruption after `swapon` reuse, this is exploitable for control-flow hijack and cross-process data modification.\nA:H - The most likely immediate outcome is a kernel oops \u2014 dereferencing a NULLed `si->swap_map`, faulting in the unmapped vfree'd vmalloc range, a NULL `swapper_spaces[type]`, or tripping `VM_BUG_ON(count != SWAP_HAS_CACHE)` in `__swap_entry_free_locked()`. Any of these panics the kernel."}]}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["mm/swapfile.c"], "versions": [{"version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "d85c11c97ecf92d47a4b29e3faca714dc1f18d0d", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "2da5568ee222ce0541bfe446a07998f92ed1643e", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "1ede7f1d7eed1738d1b9333fd1e152ccb450b86a", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "0f98f6d2fb5fad00f8299b84b85b6bc1b6d7d19a", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "3ce4c4c653e4e478ecb15d3c88e690f12cbf6b39", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "363d17e7f7907c8e27a9e86968af0eaa2301787b", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "82b1c07a0af603e3c47b906c8e991dc96f01688e", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["mm/swapfile.c"], "versions": [{"version": "4.11", "status": "affected"}, {"version": "0", "lessThan": "4.11", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "5.10.215", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "5.15.154", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.1.84", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.6.24", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.7.12", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.7.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.8.3", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.8.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.9", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11", "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.215"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11", "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.154"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.84"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": 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"custom"}], "defaultStatus": "unknown"}, {"cpes": ["cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"], "vendor": "linux", "product": "linux_kernel", "versions": [{"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.9"}], "defaultStatus": "unknown"}, {"cpes": ["cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"], "vendor": "linux", "product": "linux_kernel", "versions": [{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "4.11", "versionType": "custom"}], "defaultStatus": "unknown"}, {"cpes": ["cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"], "vendor": "linux", "product": "linux_kernel", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "4.11"}], "defaultStatus": "unknown"}, {"cpes": ["cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"], "vendor": "linux", "product": "linux_kernel", "versions": [{"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.15.154", "lessThan": "5.16", "versionType": "custom"}], "defaultStatus": "unknown"}, {"cpes": ["cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"], "vendor": "linux", "product": "linux_kernel", "versions": [{"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.7.12", "lessThan": "6.8", "versionType": "custom"}], "defaultStatus": "unknown"}], "problemTypes": [{"descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "type": "CWE", "cweId": "CWE-362", "description": "CWE-362 Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')"}]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2024-05-21T18:26:00.252Z"}}], "cna": {"title": "mm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()", "metrics": [{"cvssV3_1": {"version": "3.1", "baseScore": 7, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H"}, "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached only through local memory-management syscalls \u2014 `munmap`/`exit` (`zap_pte_range` \u2192 mm/memory.c:1636), `madvise(MADV_DONTNEED/MADV_FREE)` (mm/madvise.c:659), and tmpfs truncate/punch-hole (mm/shmem.c:842). No remote or adjacent-network consumer reaches `free_swap_and_cache()`.\nAC:H - The attacker controls only their half of the race; the other half is `swapoff()`, gated by `capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)` in the *initial* user namespace (mm/swapfile.c:2411, `capable()` not `ns_capable()`), so it cannot be induced from a user namespace and must be performed by an administrator or system script. Landing the hit additionally requires being preempted inside a sub-microsecond window between `__swap_entry_free()` and `swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()` while a second process reclaims the last swapcache reference \u2014 the author explicitly could not provoke it from a test case.\nPR:L - The attacker-controlled side needs nothing beyond an ordinary unprivileged local account: any process can spin `munmap`/`madvise`/tmpfs-punch loops over swapped-out anonymous pages to drive `free_swap_and_cache()` at high rate. No capability, namespace, or filesystem privilege is required for that half.\nUI:N - No victim is tricked into any action; the required `swapoff()` is routine system activity (systemd swap-unit deactivation, hibernate scripts, Android zram reconfiguration) that occurs without human participation, and that environmental dependency is already accounted for in AC:H rather than counted twice as UI:R.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel data structures within the kernel's own security authority \u2014 standard local kernel memory corruption / privilege escalation. No VM, hypervisor, or IOMMU boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Use-after-free reads of the vfree'd `swap_map`, the kvfree'd `cluster_info`, and a freed `struct address_space` (XArray walk in `filemap_get_folio()`) can disclose reallocated kernel memory. Additionally, `swapoff`+`swapon` reuses the `swap_info_struct` slot, so the stale `free_swap_and_cache()` corrupts the *new* device's counts and prematurely frees slots still referenced by other processes, handing a victim's swapped-out anonymous data to the attacker on swap-in.\nI:H - `lock_cluster()` performs `spin_lock(&ci->lock)` on the kvfree'd `cluster_info` \u2014 for typical swap sizes a kmalloc-slab object \u2014 giving a sprayable use-after-free *write* primitive, and `__try_to_reclaim_swap()` manipulates folio locks/refcounts derived from a freed `address_space`. Combined with silent swap-map count corruption after `swapon` reuse, this is exploitable for control-flow hijack and cross-process data modification.\nA:H - The most likely immediate outcome is a kernel oops \u2014 dereferencing a NULLed `si->swap_map`, faulting in the unmapped vfree'd vmalloc range, a NULL `swapper_spaces[type]`, or tripping `VM_BUG_ON(count != SWAP_HAS_CACHE)` in `__swap_entry_free_locked()`. Any of these panics the kernel."}]}], "affected": [{"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "d85c11c97ecf92d47a4b29e3faca714dc1f18d0d", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "2da5568ee222ce0541bfe446a07998f92ed1643e", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "1ede7f1d7eed1738d1b9333fd1e152ccb450b86a", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "0f98f6d2fb5fad00f8299b84b85b6bc1b6d7d19a", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "3ce4c4c653e4e478ecb15d3c88e690f12cbf6b39", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "363d17e7f7907c8e27a9e86968af0eaa2301787b", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e", "lessThan": "82b1c07a0af603e3c47b906c8e991dc96f01688e", "versionType": "git"}], "programFiles": ["mm/swapfile.c"], "defaultStatus": "unaffected"}, {"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "4.11"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "4.11", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.10.215", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.15.154", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.1.84", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.24", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.7.12", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.7.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.8.3", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.8.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.9", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}], "programFiles": ["mm/swapfile.c"], "defaultStatus": "affected"}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d85c11c97ecf92d47a4b29e3faca714dc1f18d0d"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2da5568ee222ce0541bfe446a07998f92ed1643e"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1ede7f1d7eed1738d1b9333fd1e152ccb450b86a"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0f98f6d2fb5fad00f8299b84b85b6bc1b6d7d19a"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3ce4c4c653e4e478ecb15d3c88e690f12cbf6b39"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/363d17e7f7907c8e27a9e86968af0eaa2301787b"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/82b1c07a0af603e3c47b906c8e991dc96f01688e"}], "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()\n\nThere was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and\nteardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was\nrunning in another thread. This could cause, amongst other bad\npossibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by\nfree_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.\n\nThis is a theoretical problem and I haven't been able to provoke it from a\ntest case. But there has been agreement based on code review that this is\npossible (see link below).\n\nFix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall\nswapoff(). There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that\nthe swap entry was not free. This isn't present in get_swap_device()\nbecause it doesn't make sense in general due to the race between getting\nthe reference and swapoff. So I've added an equivalent check directly in\nfree_swap_and_cache().\n\nDetails of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand\nfor deriving this):\n\n--8<-----\n\n__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in\n\"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\".\n\nswapoff->try_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si->inuse_pages==0.\n\nSo the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn\nsi->inuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().\n\nImagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are\nstill references by swap entries.\n\nProcess 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.\nProcess 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.\n\nProcess 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]\n\nProcess 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n\nProcess 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls\n__try_to_reclaim_swap().\n\n__try_to_reclaim_swap()->folio_free_swap()->delete_from_swap_cache()->\nput_swap_folio()->free_swap_slot()->swapcache_free_entries()->\nswap_entry_free()->swap_range_free()->\n...\nWRITE_ONCE(si->inuse_pages, si->inuse_pages - nr_entries);\n\nWhat stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache\nbut before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?\n\n--8<-----"}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.215", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.154", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.84", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.24", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.7.12", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.8.3", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.9", "versionStartIncluding": "4.11"}], "operator": "OR"}]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:28:38.708Z"}}}, "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2024-26960", "state": "PUBLISHED", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:28:38.708Z", "dateReserved": "2024-02-19T14:20:24.201Z", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "datePublished": "2024-05-01T05:19:12.112Z", "assignerShortName": "Linux"}, "dataVersion": "5.2"}

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{"nodes": [{"cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "07B237A9-69A3-4A9C-9DA0-4E06BD37AE73", "vulnerable": true}], "negate": false, "operator": "OR"}]}], "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()\n\nThere was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and\nteardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was\nrunning in another thread. This could cause, amongst other bad\npossibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by\nfree_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.\n\nThis is a theoretical problem and I haven't been able to provoke it from a\ntest case. But there has been agreement based on code review that this is\npossible (see link below).\n\nFix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall\nswapoff(). There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that\nthe swap entry was not free. This isn't present in get_swap_device()\nbecause it doesn't make sense in general due to the race between getting\nthe reference and swapoff. So I've added an equivalent check directly in\nfree_swap_and_cache().\n\nDetails of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand\nfor deriving this):\n\n--8<-----\n\n__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in\n\"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\".\n\nswapoff->try_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si->inuse_pages==0.\n\nSo the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn\nsi->inuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().\n\nImagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are\nstill references by swap entries.\n\nProcess 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.\nProcess 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.\n\nProcess 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]\n\nProcess 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n\nProcess 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls\n__try_to_reclaim_swap().\n\n__try_to_reclaim_swap()->folio_free_swap()->delete_from_swap_cache()->\nput_swap_folio()->free_swap_slot()->swapcache_free_entries()->\nswap_entry_free()->swap_range_free()->\n...\nWRITE_ONCE(si->inuse_pages, si->inuse_pages - nr_entries);\n\nWhat stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache\nbut before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?\n\n--8<-----"}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: mm: swap: corrige la ejecuci\u00f3n entre free_swap_and_cache() y swapoff() Anteriormente exist\u00eda una ventana te\u00f3rica donde swapoff() pod\u00eda ejecutar y desmantelar un swap_info_struct mientras se realizaba una llamada a free_swap_and_cache(). corriendo en otro hilo. Esto podr\u00eda causar, entre otras malas posibilidades, que swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (llamado por free_swap_and_cache()) acceda a la memoria liberada para swap_map. Este es un problema te\u00f3rico y no he podido provocarlo a partir de un caso de prueba. Pero ha habido un acuerdo basado en la revisi\u00f3n del c\u00f3digo de que esto es posible (ver enlace a continuaci\u00f3n). Solucionarlo usando get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), lo que detendr\u00e1 swapoff(). Hubo una verificaci\u00f3n adicional en _swap_info_get() para confirmar que la entrada de intercambio no era gratuita. Esto no est\u00e1 presente en get_swap_device() porque en general no tiene sentido debido a la ejecuci\u00f3n entre obtener la referencia y el intercambio. As\u00ed que agregu\u00e9 una verificaci\u00f3n equivalente directamente en free_swap_and_cache(). Detalles de c\u00f3mo provocar un posible problema (gracias a David Hildenbrand por derivar esto): --8&lt;----- __swap_entry_free() podr\u00eda ser el \u00faltimo usuario y dar como resultado \"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\". swapoff-&gt;try_to_unuse() se detendr\u00e1 tan pronto como si-&gt;inuse_pages==0. Entonces la pregunta es: \u00bfalguien podr\u00eda reclamar la publicaci\u00f3n y activar si-&gt;inuse_pages==0, antes de que completemos swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()? Imagine lo siguiente: folio de 2 MiB en el swapcache. S\u00f3lo 2 subp\u00e1ginas siguen siendo referencias mediante entradas de intercambio. El proceso 1 todav\u00eda hace referencia a la subp\u00e1gina 0 mediante la entrada de intercambio. El proceso 2 todav\u00eda hace referencia a la subp\u00e1gina 1 mediante la entrada de intercambio. El proceso 1 se cierra. Llama a free_swap_and_cache(). -&gt; count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE [luego, adelantado en el hipervisor, etc.] El proceso 2 se cierra. Llama a free_swap_and_cache(). -&gt; count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE El proceso 2 contin\u00faa, pasa swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() y llama a __try_to_reclaim_swap(). __try_to_reclaim_swap()-&gt;folio_free_swap()-&gt;delete_from_swap_cache()-&gt; put_swap_folio()-&gt;free_swap_slot()-&gt;swapcache_free_entries()-&gt; swap_entry_free()-&gt;swap_range_free()-&gt; ... WRITE_ONCE(si-&gt;inuse_pages, si-&gt;inuse_pages - nr_entries); \u00bfQu\u00e9 impide que el intercambio tenga \u00e9xito despu\u00e9s de que el proceso 2 recuper\u00f3 el cach\u00e9 de intercambio pero antes de que el proceso 1 terminara su llamada a swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()? --8&lt;-----"}], "id": "CVE-2024-26960", "lastModified": "2026-08-04T11:17:27.080", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "HIGH", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.0, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.0, "impactScore": 5.9, "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "type": "Secondary"}, {"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 5.5, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 3.6, "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "type": "Secondary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2024-26960", "options": [{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "partial"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2025-02-05T21:09:23.358079Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2024-05-01T06:15:12.323", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0f98f6d2fb5fad00f8299b84b85b6bc1b6d7d19a"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1ede7f1d7eed1738d1b9333fd1e152ccb450b86a"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2da5568ee222ce0541bfe446a07998f92ed1643e"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/363d17e7f7907c8e27a9e86968af0eaa2301787b"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3ce4c4c653e4e478ecb15d3c88e690f12cbf6b39"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/82b1c07a0af603e3c47b906c8e991dc96f01688e"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d85c11c97ecf92d47a4b29e3faca714dc1f18d0d"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0f98f6d2fb5fad00f8299b84b85b6bc1b6d7d19a"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1ede7f1d7eed1738d1b9333fd1e152ccb450b86a"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2da5568ee222ce0541bfe446a07998f92ed1643e"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/363d17e7f7907c8e27a9e86968af0eaa2301787b"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3ce4c4c653e4e478ecb15d3c88e690f12cbf6b39"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/82b1c07a0af603e3c47b906c8e991dc96f01688e"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d85c11c97ecf92d47a4b29e3faca714dc1f18d0d"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Mailing List", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/06/msg00017.html"}, {"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e", "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-265688.html"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Modified", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-362"}], "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "type": "Secondary"}]}

{"affected_release": [{"advisory": "RHSA-2024:5102", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::nfv", "package": "kernel-rt-0:4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8", "release_date": "2024-08-08T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:5101", "cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "package": "kernel-0:4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8", "release_date": "2024-08-08T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:9315", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "package": "kernel-0:5.14.0-503.11.1.el9_5", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9", "release_date": "2024-11-12T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:9315", "cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "package": "kernel-0:5.14.0-503.11.1.el9_5", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9", "release_date": "2024-11-12T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2025:1658", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4", "package": "kernel-0:5.14.0-427.55.1.el9_4", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 Extended Update Support", "release_date": "2025-02-19T00:00:00Z"}], "bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: mm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()", "id": "2278178", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2278178"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "5.5", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "verified"}, "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\nmm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()\nThere was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and\nteardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was\nrunning in another thread. This could cause, amongst other bad\npossibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by\nfree_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.\nThis is a theoretical problem and I haven't been able to provoke it from a\ntest case. But there has been agreement based on code review that this is\npossible (see link below).\nFix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall\nswapoff(). There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that\nthe swap entry was not free. This isn't present in get_swap_device()\nbecause it doesn't make sense in general due to the race between getting\nthe reference and swapoff. So I've added an equivalent check directly in\nfree_swap_and_cache().\nDetails of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand\nfor deriving this):\n--8<-----\n__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in\n\"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\".\nswapoff->try_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si->inuse_pages==0.\nSo the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn\nsi->inuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().\nImagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are\nstill references by swap entries.\nProcess 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.\nProcess 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.\nProcess 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]\nProcess 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\nProcess 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls\n__try_to_reclaim_swap().\n__try_to_reclaim_swap()->folio_free_swap()->delete_from_swap_cache()->\nput_swap_folio()->free_swap_slot()->swapcache_free_entries()->\nswap_entry_free()->swap_range_free()->\n...\nWRITE_ONCE(si->inuse_pages, si->inuse_pages - nr_entries);\nWhat stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache\nbut before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?\n--8<-----"], "name": "CVE-2024-26960", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2024-05-01T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-26960\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-26960\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2024050129-CVE-2024-26960-ad6b@gregkh/T"], "threat_severity": "Low"}