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26232 CVE
| CVE | Vendors | Products | Updated | CVSS v3.1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2022-50832 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 7.0 High |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: wilc1000: fix potential memory leak in wilc_mac_xmit() The wilc_mac_xmit() returns NETDEV_TX_OK without freeing skb, add dev_kfree_skb() to fix it. Compile tested only. | ||||
| CVE-2022-50824 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 5.5 Medium |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tpm: tpm_tis: Add the missed acpi_put_table() to fix memory leak In check_acpi_tpm2(), we get the TPM2 table just to make sure the table is there, not used after the init, so the acpi_put_table() should be added to release the ACPI memory. | ||||
| CVE-2022-50854 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nfc: virtual_ncidev: Fix memory leak in virtual_nci_send() skb should be free in virtual_nci_send(), otherwise kmemleak will report memleak. Steps for reproduction (simulated in qemu): cd tools/testing/selftests/nci make ./nci_dev BUG: memory leak unreferenced object 0xffff888107588000 (size 208): comm "nci_dev", pid 206, jiffies 4294945376 (age 368.248s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ backtrace: [<000000008d94c8fd>] __alloc_skb+0x1da/0x290 [<00000000278bc7f8>] nci_send_cmd+0xa3/0x350 [<0000000081256a22>] nci_reset_req+0x6b/0xa0 [<000000009e721112>] __nci_request+0x90/0x250 [<000000005d556e59>] nci_dev_up+0x217/0x5b0 [<00000000e618ce62>] nfc_dev_up+0x114/0x220 [<00000000981e226b>] nfc_genl_dev_up+0x94/0xe0 [<000000009bb03517>] genl_family_rcv_msg_doit.isra.14+0x228/0x2d0 [<00000000b7f8c101>] genl_rcv_msg+0x35c/0x640 [<00000000c94075ff>] netlink_rcv_skb+0x11e/0x350 [<00000000440cfb1e>] genl_rcv+0x24/0x40 [<0000000062593b40>] netlink_unicast+0x43f/0x640 [<000000001d0b13cc>] netlink_sendmsg+0x73a/0xbf0 [<000000003272487f>] __sys_sendto+0x324/0x370 [<00000000ef9f1747>] __x64_sys_sendto+0xdd/0x1b0 [<000000001e437841>] do_syscall_64+0x3f/0x90 | ||||
| CVE-2025-71195 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: dmaengine: xilinx: xdma: Fix regmap max_register The max_register field is assigned the size of the register memory region instead of the offset of the last register. The result is that reading from the regmap via debugfs can cause a segmentation fault: tail /sys/kernel/debug/regmap/xdma.1.auto/registers Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffff800082f70000 Mem abort info: ESR = 0x0000000096000007 EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits SET = 0, FnV = 0 EA = 0, S1PTW = 0 FSC = 0x07: level 3 translation fault [...] Call trace: regmap_mmio_read32le+0x10/0x30 _regmap_bus_reg_read+0x74/0xc0 _regmap_read+0x68/0x198 regmap_read+0x54/0x88 regmap_read_debugfs+0x140/0x380 regmap_map_read_file+0x30/0x48 full_proxy_read+0x68/0xc8 vfs_read+0xcc/0x310 ksys_read+0x7c/0x120 __arm64_sys_read+0x24/0x40 invoke_syscall.constprop.0+0x64/0x108 do_el0_svc+0xb0/0xd8 el0_svc+0x38/0x130 el0t_64_sync_handler+0x120/0x138 el0t_64_sync+0x194/0x198 Code: aa1e03e9 d503201f f9400000 8b214000 (b9400000) ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]--- note: tail[1217] exited with irqs disabled note: tail[1217] exited with preempt_count 1 Segmentation fault | ||||
| CVE-2022-50810 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: rapidio: devices: fix missing put_device in mport_cdev_open When kfifo_alloc fails, the refcount of chdev->dev is left incremental. We should use put_device(&chdev->dev) to decrease the ref count of chdev->dev to avoid refcount leak. | ||||
| CVE-2025-39999 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 7.0 High |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: blk-mq: fix blk_mq_tags double free while nr_requests grown In the case user trigger tags grow by queue sysfs attribute nr_requests, hctx->sched_tags will be freed directly and replaced with a new allocated tags, see blk_mq_tag_update_depth(). The problem is that hctx->sched_tags is from elevator->et->tags, while et->tags is still the freed tags, hence later elevator exit will try to free the tags again, causing kernel panic. Fix this problem by replacing et->tags with new allocated tags as well. Noted there are still some long term problems that will require some refactor to be fixed thoroughly[1]. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20250815080216.410665-1-yukuai1@huaweicloud.com/ | ||||
| CVE-2023-53993 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 5.5 Medium |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: PCI/DOE: Fix memory leak with CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS=y After a pci_doe_task completes, its work_struct needs to be destroyed to avoid a memory leak with CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS=y. | ||||
| CVE-2023-53788 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 7.0 High |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: hda/ca0132: fixup buffer overrun at tuning_ctl_set() tuning_ctl_set() might have buffer overrun at (X) if it didn't break from loop by matching (A). static int tuning_ctl_set(...) { for (i = 0; i < TUNING_CTLS_COUNT; i++) (A) if (nid == ca0132_tuning_ctls[i].nid) break; snd_hda_power_up(...); (X) dspio_set_param(..., ca0132_tuning_ctls[i].mid, ...); snd_hda_power_down(...); ^ return 1; } We will get below error by cppcheck sound/pci/hda/patch_ca0132.c:4229:2: note: After for loop, i has value 12 for (i = 0; i < TUNING_CTLS_COUNT; i++) ^ sound/pci/hda/patch_ca0132.c:4234:43: note: Array index out of bounds dspio_set_param(codec, ca0132_tuning_ctls[i].mid, 0x20, ^ This patch cares non match case. | ||||
| CVE-2023-53809 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 5.5 Medium |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: l2tp: Avoid possible recursive deadlock in l2tp_tunnel_register() When a file descriptor of pppol2tp socket is passed as file descriptor of UDP socket, a recursive deadlock occurs in l2tp_tunnel_register(). This situation is reproduced by the following program: int main(void) { int sock; struct sockaddr_pppol2tp addr; sock = socket(AF_PPPOX, SOCK_DGRAM, PX_PROTO_OL2TP); if (sock < 0) { perror("socket"); return 1; } addr.sa_family = AF_PPPOX; addr.sa_protocol = PX_PROTO_OL2TP; addr.pppol2tp.pid = 0; addr.pppol2tp.fd = sock; addr.pppol2tp.addr.sin_family = PF_INET; addr.pppol2tp.addr.sin_port = htons(0); addr.pppol2tp.addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.0.1"); addr.pppol2tp.s_tunnel = 1; addr.pppol2tp.s_session = 0; addr.pppol2tp.d_tunnel = 0; addr.pppol2tp.d_session = 0; if (connect(sock, (const struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr)) < 0) { perror("connect"); return 1; } return 0; } This program causes the following lockdep warning: ============================================ WARNING: possible recursive locking detected 6.2.0-rc5-00205-gc96618275234 #56 Not tainted -------------------------------------------- repro/8607 is trying to acquire lock: ffff8880213c8130 (sk_lock-AF_PPPOX){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: l2tp_tunnel_register+0x2b7/0x11c0 but task is already holding lock: ffff8880213c8130 (sk_lock-AF_PPPOX){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: pppol2tp_connect+0xa82/0x1a30 other info that might help us debug this: Possible unsafe locking scenario: CPU0 ---- lock(sk_lock-AF_PPPOX); lock(sk_lock-AF_PPPOX); *** DEADLOCK *** May be due to missing lock nesting notation 1 lock held by repro/8607: #0: ffff8880213c8130 (sk_lock-AF_PPPOX){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: pppol2tp_connect+0xa82/0x1a30 stack backtrace: CPU: 0 PID: 8607 Comm: repro Not tainted 6.2.0-rc5-00205-gc96618275234 #56 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.16.1-2.fc37 04/01/2014 Call Trace: <TASK> dump_stack_lvl+0x100/0x178 __lock_acquire.cold+0x119/0x3b9 ? lockdep_hardirqs_on_prepare+0x410/0x410 lock_acquire+0x1e0/0x610 ? l2tp_tunnel_register+0x2b7/0x11c0 ? lock_downgrade+0x710/0x710 ? __fget_files+0x283/0x3e0 lock_sock_nested+0x3a/0xf0 ? l2tp_tunnel_register+0x2b7/0x11c0 l2tp_tunnel_register+0x2b7/0x11c0 ? sprintf+0xc4/0x100 ? l2tp_tunnel_del_work+0x6b0/0x6b0 ? debug_object_deactivate+0x320/0x320 ? lockdep_init_map_type+0x16d/0x7a0 ? lockdep_init_map_type+0x16d/0x7a0 ? l2tp_tunnel_create+0x2bf/0x4b0 ? l2tp_tunnel_create+0x3c6/0x4b0 pppol2tp_connect+0x14e1/0x1a30 ? pppol2tp_put_sk+0xd0/0xd0 ? aa_sk_perm+0x2b7/0xa80 ? aa_af_perm+0x260/0x260 ? bpf_lsm_socket_connect+0x9/0x10 ? pppol2tp_put_sk+0xd0/0xd0 __sys_connect_file+0x14f/0x190 __sys_connect+0x133/0x160 ? __sys_connect_file+0x190/0x190 ? lockdep_hardirqs_on+0x7d/0x100 ? ktime_get_coarse_real_ts64+0x1b7/0x200 ? ktime_get_coarse_real_ts64+0x147/0x200 ? __audit_syscall_entry+0x396/0x500 __x64_sys_connect+0x72/0xb0 do_syscall_64+0x38/0xb0 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd This patch fixes the issue by getting/creating the tunnel before locking the pppol2tp socket. | ||||
| CVE-2025-40265 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 4.1 Medium |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: vfat: fix missing sb_min_blocksize() return value checks When emulating an nvme device on qemu with both logical_block_size and physical_block_size set to 8 KiB, but without format, a kernel panic was triggered during the early boot stage while attempting to mount a vfat filesystem. [95553.682035] EXT4-fs (nvme0n1): unable to set blocksize [95553.684326] EXT4-fs (nvme0n1): unable to set blocksize [95553.686501] EXT4-fs (nvme0n1): unable to set blocksize [95553.696448] ISOFS: unsupported/invalid hardware sector size 8192 [95553.697117] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [95553.697567] kernel BUG at fs/buffer.c:1582! [95553.697984] Oops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP NOPTI [95553.698602] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 7212 Comm: mount Kdump: loaded Not tainted 6.18.0-rc2+ #38 PREEMPT(voluntary) [95553.699511] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.3-0-ga6ed6b701f0a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 [95553.700534] RIP: 0010:folio_alloc_buffers+0x1bb/0x1c0 [95553.701018] Code: 48 8b 15 e8 93 18 02 65 48 89 35 e0 93 18 02 48 83 c4 10 5b 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f 5d 31 d2 31 c9 31 f6 31 ff c3 cc cc cc cc <0f> 0b 90 66 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0f [95553.702648] RSP: 0018:ffffd1b0c676f990 EFLAGS: 00010246 [95553.703132] RAX: ffff8cfc4176d820 RBX: 0000000000508c48 RCX: 0000000000000001 [95553.703805] RDX: 0000000000002000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000 [95553.704481] RBP: ffffd1b0c676f9c8 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000 [95553.705148] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000001 [95553.705816] R13: 0000000000002000 R14: fffff8bc8257e800 R15: 0000000000000000 [95553.706483] FS: 000072ee77315840(0000) GS:ffff8cfdd2c8d000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [95553.707248] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [95553.707782] CR2: 00007d8f2a9e5a20 CR3: 0000000039d0c006 CR4: 0000000000772ef0 [95553.708439] PKRU: 55555554 [95553.708734] Call Trace: [95553.709015] <TASK> [95553.709266] __getblk_slow+0xd2/0x230 [95553.709641] ? find_get_block_common+0x8b/0x530 [95553.710084] bdev_getblk+0x77/0xa0 [95553.710449] __bread_gfp+0x22/0x140 [95553.710810] fat_fill_super+0x23a/0xfc0 [95553.711216] ? __pfx_setup+0x10/0x10 [95553.711580] ? __pfx_vfat_fill_super+0x10/0x10 [95553.712014] vfat_fill_super+0x15/0x30 [95553.712401] get_tree_bdev_flags+0x141/0x1e0 [95553.712817] get_tree_bdev+0x10/0x20 [95553.713177] vfat_get_tree+0x15/0x20 [95553.713550] vfs_get_tree+0x2a/0x100 [95553.713910] vfs_cmd_create+0x62/0xf0 [95553.714273] __do_sys_fsconfig+0x4e7/0x660 [95553.714669] __x64_sys_fsconfig+0x20/0x40 [95553.715062] x64_sys_call+0x21ee/0x26a0 [95553.715453] do_syscall_64+0x80/0x670 [95553.715816] ? __fs_parse+0x65/0x1e0 [95553.716172] ? fat_parse_param+0x103/0x4b0 [95553.716587] ? vfs_parse_fs_param_source+0x21/0xa0 [95553.717034] ? __do_sys_fsconfig+0x3d9/0x660 [95553.717548] ? __x64_sys_fsconfig+0x20/0x40 [95553.717957] ? x64_sys_call+0x21ee/0x26a0 [95553.718360] ? do_syscall_64+0xb8/0x670 [95553.718734] ? __x64_sys_fsconfig+0x20/0x40 [95553.719141] ? x64_sys_call+0x21ee/0x26a0 [95553.719545] ? do_syscall_64+0xb8/0x670 [95553.719922] ? x64_sys_call+0x1405/0x26a0 [95553.720317] ? do_syscall_64+0xb8/0x670 [95553.720702] ? __x64_sys_close+0x3e/0x90 [95553.721080] ? x64_sys_call+0x1b5e/0x26a0 [95553.721478] ? do_syscall_64+0xb8/0x670 [95553.721841] ? irqentry_exit+0x43/0x50 [95553.722211] ? exc_page_fault+0x90/0x1b0 [95553.722681] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e [95553.723166] RIP: 0033:0x72ee774f3afe [95553.723562] Code: 73 01 c3 48 8b 0d 0a 33 0f 00 f7 d8 64 89 01 48 83 c8 ff c3 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 f3 0f 1e fa 49 89 ca b8 af 01 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 8b 0d da 32 0f 00 f7 d8 64 89 01 48 [95553.725188] RSP: 002b:00007ffe97148978 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 00000000000001af [95553.725892] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: ---truncated--- | ||||
| CVE-2025-40101 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 5.5 Medium |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: fix memory leaks when rejecting a non SINGLE data profile without an RST At the end of btrfs_load_block_group_zone_info() the first thing we do is to ensure that if the mapping type is not a SINGLE one and there is no RAID stripe tree, then we return early with an error. Doing that, though, prevents the code from running the last calls from this function which are about freeing memory allocated during its run. Hence, in this case, instead of returning early, we set the ret value and fall through the rest of the cleanup code. | ||||
| CVE-2022-50767 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fbdev: smscufx: Fix several use-after-free bugs Several types of UAFs can occur when physically removing a USB device. Adds ufx_ops_destroy() function to .fb_destroy of fb_ops, and in this function, there is kref_put() that finally calls ufx_free(). This fix prevents multiple UAFs. | ||||
| CVE-2023-54059 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: soc: mediatek: mtk-svs: Enable the IRQ later If the system does not come from reset (like when is booted via kexec()), the peripheral might triger an IRQ before the data structures are initialised. [ 0.227710] Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 0000000000000f08 [ 0.227913] Call trace: [ 0.227918] svs_isr+0x8c/0x538 | ||||
| CVE-2023-54180 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: handle case when repair happens with dev-replace [BUG] There is a bug report that a BUG_ON() in btrfs_repair_io_failure() (originally repair_io_failure() in v6.0 kernel) got triggered when replacing a unreliable disk: BTRFS warning (device sda1): csum failed root 257 ino 2397453 off 39624704 csum 0xb0d18c75 expected csum 0x4dae9c5e mirror 3 kernel BUG at fs/btrfs/extent_io.c:2380! invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI CPU: 9 PID: 3614331 Comm: kworker/u257:2 Tainted: G OE 6.0.0-5-amd64 #1 Debian 6.0.10-2 Hardware name: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd. MS-7C60/TRX40 PRO WIFI (MS-7C60), BIOS 2.70 07/01/2021 Workqueue: btrfs-endio btrfs_end_bio_work [btrfs] RIP: 0010:repair_io_failure+0x24a/0x260 [btrfs] Call Trace: <TASK> clean_io_failure+0x14d/0x180 [btrfs] end_bio_extent_readpage+0x412/0x6e0 [btrfs] ? __switch_to+0x106/0x420 process_one_work+0x1c7/0x380 worker_thread+0x4d/0x380 ? rescuer_thread+0x3a0/0x3a0 kthread+0xe9/0x110 ? kthread_complete_and_exit+0x20/0x20 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30 [CAUSE] Before the BUG_ON(), we got some read errors from the replace target first, note the mirror number (3, which is beyond RAID1 duplication, thus it's read from the replace target device). Then at the BUG_ON() location, we are trying to writeback the repaired sectors back the failed device. The check looks like this: ret = btrfs_map_block(fs_info, BTRFS_MAP_WRITE, logical, &map_length, &bioc, mirror_num); if (ret) goto out_counter_dec; BUG_ON(mirror_num != bioc->mirror_num); But inside btrfs_map_block(), we can modify bioc->mirror_num especially for dev-replace: if (dev_replace_is_ongoing && mirror_num == map->num_stripes + 1 && !need_full_stripe(op) && dev_replace->tgtdev != NULL) { ret = get_extra_mirror_from_replace(fs_info, logical, *length, dev_replace->srcdev->devid, &mirror_num, &physical_to_patch_in_first_stripe); patch_the_first_stripe_for_dev_replace = 1; } Thus if we're repairing the replace target device, we're going to trigger that BUG_ON(). But in reality, the read failure from the replace target device may be that, our replace hasn't reached the range we're reading, thus we're reading garbage, but with replace running, the range would be properly filled later. Thus in that case, we don't need to do anything but let the replace routine to handle it. [FIX] Instead of a BUG_ON(), just skip the repair if we're repairing the device replace target device. | ||||
| CVE-2023-54197 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 5.5 Medium |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Revert "Bluetooth: btsdio: fix use after free bug in btsdio_remove due to unfinished work" This reverts commit 1e9ac114c4428fdb7ff4635b45d4f46017e8916f. This patch introduces a possible null-ptr-def problem. Revert it. And the fixed bug by this patch have resolved by commit 73f7b171b7c0 ("Bluetooth: btsdio: fix use after free bug in btsdio_remove due to race condition"). | ||||
| CVE-2025-68738 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: mt76: mt7996: fix null pointer deref in mt7996_conf_tx() If a link does not have an assigned channel yet, mt7996_vif_link returns NULL. We still need to store the updated queue settings in that case, and apply them later. Move the location of the queue params to within struct mt7996_vif_link. | ||||
| CVE-2025-68739 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: PM / devfreq: hisi: Fix potential UAF in OPP handling Ensure all required data is acquired before calling dev_pm_opp_put(opp) to maintain correct resource acquisition and release order. | ||||
| CVE-2023-53801 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | 5.5 Medium |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iommu/sprd: Release dma buffer to avoid memory leak When attaching to a domain, the driver would alloc a DMA buffer which is used to store address mapping table, and it need to be released when the IOMMU domain is freed. | ||||
| CVE-2023-54217 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Revert "drm/msm: Add missing check and destroy for alloc_ordered_workqueue" This reverts commit 643b7d0869cc7f1f7a5ac7ca6bd25d88f54e31d0. A recent patch that tried to fix up the msm_drm_init() paths with respect to the workqueue but only ended up making things worse: First, the newly added calls to msm_drm_uninit() on early errors would trigger NULL-pointer dereferences, for example, as the kms pointer would not have been initialised. (Note that these paths were also modified by a second broken error handling patch which in effect cancelled out this part when merged.) Second, the newly added allocation sanity check would still leak the previously allocated drm device. Instead of trying to salvage what was badly broken (and clearly not tested), let's revert the bad commit so that clean and backportable fixes can be added in its place. Patchwork: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/patch/525107/ | ||||
| CVE-2025-68786 | 1 Linux | 1 Linux Kernel | 2026-04-15 | N/A |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ksmbd: skip lock-range check on equal size to avoid size==0 underflow When size equals the current i_size (including 0), the code used to call check_lock_range(filp, i_size, size - 1, WRITE), which computes `size - 1` and can underflow for size==0. Skip the equal case. | ||||